The effect of physical fitness, breakfast habits, and self-confidence on learning outcomes

Journal of Educational and Learning Studies March 30, 2026 Volume 9, Number 1 4 authors

Abstract

This study aims to examine the direct, indirect, and simultaneous effects of physical fitness, breakfast habits, and self-confidence on physical education learning outcomes. A quantitative associative design with a path analysis approach was used. The population consisted of 146 students, with a purposive sample of 50 students. Data were collected through physical fitness tests, questionnaires on breakfast habits and self-confidence, and students’ report card scores. Data were analyzed using path analysis at a significance level of 0.05. The findings show that physical fitness has a significant direct effect on learning outcomes (0.435; 18.92%) and a strong indirect effect through self-confidence (total effect 78.49%). Self-confidence also has a significant direct effect (0.564), while breakfast habits show a weaker and non-significant direct effect but a small indirect contribution (3.49%). Simultaneously, all variables significantly influence learning outcomes (R² = 0.886). Physical fitness and self-confidence are key determinants of learning outcomes, with self-confidence acting as an important mediating variable.

Authors

  1. Khasinatul Adila

    Universitas Negeri Padang

  2. Kamal Firdaus

    Universitas Negeri Padang

  3. Sepriadi Sepriadi

    Universitas Negeri Padang

  4. Liza Liza

    Universitas Negeri Padang

Keywords

Physical FitnessBreakfast HabitsSelf-ConfidencePhysical EducationLearning Outcomes

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