The impact of deep learning–oriented project-based learning and learner autonomy on students’ english speaking skills

SCHOULID: Indonesian Journal of School Counseling December 31, 2025 Volume 10, Number 3 3 authors

Abstract

This research employed a quasi-experimental design. The population consisted of 180 tenth-grade students of the Construction and Building Technology program at SMK Negeri 1 Denpasar in the 2025/2026 academic year. A total of 144 students were selected as samples using cluster random sampling. Data were collected through a speaking performance test to measure English speaking skills and a questionnaire to assess learner autonomy. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. The results showed that: (1) there was a significant difference in English speaking skills between students taught using Deep Learning–oriented PjBL and those taught using conventional instruction at SMKN 1 Denpasar (F = 21.755; p = 0.000); (2) there was a significant difference in English speaking skills between students with high and low learner autonomy (F = 23.412; p = 0.000); (3) there was a significant interaction between Deep Learning–oriented PjBL and learner autonomy on students’ English speaking skills (F = 188.546; p = 0.000); (4) there was no significant difference in English speaking skills between students taught using Deep Learning–oriented PjBL and students with high learner autonomy (Q = 0.12 < Q table = 2.86); (5) there was a significant difference in English speaking skills between students taught using conventional instruction and students with high learner autonomy (Q = 6.72 > Q table = 2.86); and (6) there was a significant difference in English speaking skills between students taught using Deep Learning–oriented PjBL and students with learner autonomy.

Authors

  1. Anom Sri Ayu Sukariani

    Program Studi Magister Administrasi Pendidikan, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Bali

  2. Anak Agung Gede Agung

    Program Studi Magister Administrasi Pendidikan, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Bali

  3. Ni Luh Gede Erni Sulindawati

    Program Studi Magister Administrasi Pendidikan, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Bali

Keywords

Project-based learningDeep learningLearner autonomy

References

  1. Aghayani, B., & Janfeshan, K. (2020). The Effect of Self-Directed Learning on EFL Learners’ Writing Performance. International Journal of Research in English Education, 5(3), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.29252/ijree.5.3.78
  2. Agung, A. A. G., Basilius Redan Werang, & Anak Agung Putri Sri. (2022). Project-Based E-Learning and Its Impact on Students’ Academic Achievement in Curriculum Development Lectures. Mimbar Ilmu, 27(3), 362–369. https://doi.org/10.23887/mi.v27i3.53855
  3. Aktafianto, R. A., Yudana, I. M., & Ariawan, I. P. W. (2023). The Effect of Project-Based E-Learning Against Critical Thinking Skills and Science Learning Achievement of Class X Students. Jurnal Administrasi Pendidikan Indonesia, 14(1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.23887/jurnal_ap.v14i1.1849
  4. Ariatna, A., Nuran, A. A., & Nasution, N. S. (2025). Fostering communicative competence: A task-based approach to public speaking materials development. JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature), 10(1), 21–47. https://doi.org/10.33369/joall.v10i1.36086
  5. Efrizah, D., Fadly, Y., & Putri, V. O. (2024). ENGLISH SPEAKING BARRIERS IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: A STUDY OF SMK SPP SNAKMA STUDENTS. JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE, 6(2), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v6i2.10076
  6. Ekayana, A. A. G., Parwati, N. N., Agustini, K., & Ratnaya, I. G. (2025). Project based learning framework with STEAM methodology assessed based on self-efficacy: Does it affect creative thinking skills and learning achievement in studying fundamental computers? Journal of Technology and Science Education, 15(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.2751
  7. Elmahdi, O. E. H., AbdAlgane, M., Othman, K., Alhaj, M. K. M., Ibrahim, I. Z. A., Abdelrady, A. H., & Ahmed, O. A. M. (2025). Improving Communicative Competence and Speaking Skills in EFL/ESL Classrooms: Strategies, Techniques, and Pedagogical Approaches. Forum for Linguistic Studies, 7(12). https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i12.12116
  8. Hama Saeed, D. J., & Bostancı, H. B. (2022). The Impacts of Integral Teaching of the Listening and Speaking Skills on EFL Communicative Competence. Near East University Online Journal of Education, 5(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.32955/neuje.v5i1.462
  9. Karmaker, P. R., & Al Hasan, R. (2025). Graduates’ English Communicative Skills and Professional Success: Perspectives from Universities and Industry stakeholders in Bangladesh. Journal of English Education and Teaching, 9(1), 110–127. https://doi.org/10.33369/jeet.9.1.110-127
  10. Kurniawan, I. W. A. (2024). English Language and Its Importance as Global Communication. Samā Jiva Jnānam (International Journal of Social Studies), 2(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.25078/ijoss.v2i1.3920
  11. Milania, T., Wachyudi, K., & Mobit, M. (2022). Vocational High School Students’ Challenges in Practicing English Speaking Skills. JADEs Journal of Academia in English Education, 3(2), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.32505/jades.v3i2.5009
  12. Namaziandost, E., Çakmak, F., Heydarnejad, T., & Rezai, A. (2024). The predictive effects of learner autonomy and academic engagement on willingness to communicate, foreign language learning self-esteem, and L2 grit in an EFL context. Acta Psychologica, 250, 104528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104528
  13. Negara, I. G. J. P., & Suwena, K. R. (2023). Pengaruh Motivasi Belajar dan Self Efficacy Terhadap Kemandirian Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Praktikum Akuntansi Perusahaan Jasa, Dagang dan Manufaktur Kelas XI Akuntansi Keuangan Lembaga (AKL) di SMK Negeri 1 Negara. Ekuitas: Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi, 11(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.23887/ekuitas.v11i1.61795
  14. Prasetya, R. E. (2021). The English Language Needs for Information Technology: A Comparison Case of Professionals and Students. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning (JETLE), 3(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.18860/jetle.v3i1.12202
  15. Purnami, I. A. O., & Widiadnya, I. G. N. B. Y. (2024). Speaking Confidently: How Project-Based Learning Can Improve Student Communication. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Undiksha, 12(2), 184–190. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpbi.v12i2.86587
  16. Saputro, D. A., & Savitri, W. E. (2025). Need Analysis on English for Specific Purposes of Visual Communication Design Student at Vocational High School. Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching (JLLLT), 4(2). https://doi.org/10.37249/jlllt.v4i2.892
  17. Sayang, I. D. A. P., & Wibawa, I. M. C. (2023). The Learning Model of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) on the Resilience of Students’ Misfortunes. MIMBAR PGSD Undiksha, 11(2), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpgsd.v11i2.64444
  18. Sitorus, H. F., Sinaga, P. V., Gaol, S. D. L., Situmorang, R. I. O., & Napitupulu, S. (2022). Speaking Problems in Vocational High School. International Journal of Education and Humanities, 2(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.58557/ijeh.v2i1.41
  19. Suluh, M., & Bitu, Y. S. (2025). Pengaruh Kemandirian Belajar Terhadap Pencapaian Akademik Mahasiswa. Indo-MathEdu Intellectuals Journal, 6(2), 2488–2494. https://doi.org/10.54373/imeij.v6i2.2931
  20. Widanta, I. M. R. J. (2023). Enhancing Learners’ Speaking Ability in Project-Based Learning (PjBL):How does the Inside-Outside Circle Technic Work? Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran, 56(2), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpp.v56i2.65775
  21. Widiastuti, N. L. A., Tantra, D. K., & Padmadewi, N. N. (2021). An Analysis of Communication Strategies in Speaking. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Undiksha, 9(2), 127. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpbi.v9i2.32319
  22. Xia, S. (2019). A Study on Ways to Improve the Communicative Competence of Workplace English for Vocational College Students. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/ichess-19.2019.122
  23. Yudiana, I. K. E., & Sari, N. M. D. S. (2022). Pembelajaran Project-Based Learning Berbantuan Penilaian Teman Sebaya dalam Pembelajaran Daring Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pendidikan, 6(3), 408–414. https://doi.org/10.23887/jppp.v6i3.54342
  24. Yuniarini, P. D., Agung, A. A. G., Ariawan, I. P. W., & Sulindawati, N. L. G. E. (2025). Self-regulation and motivation teacher in non-formal education: A systematic literature review. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 9(4), 3035–3049. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v9i4.6722
  25. Yutami, N. W. N., & Widiana, I. W. (2024). Improving English Speaking Skills of Fourth Grade Elementary School Students Through Contextual Problem-Based Mobile-Assisted Language Learning Media. Mimbar Ilmu, 29(2), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.23887/mi.v29i2.74549