Psychometric evaluation of MIND-RISK for assessing mental health risk among university students
Jurnal Riset Tindakan Indonesia September 28, 2026 Volume 11, Number 2 8 authors
Abstract
This study evaluated the psychometric characteristics of the Mental Health INdex for Academic Distress and Psychological RISK (MIND-RISK), a multidomain instrument designed to assess both psychological risk and protective factors among university students. Data from 100 students were analyzed using the Rasch Partial Credit Model across six constructs: Academic Stress Load, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Academic Adaptability, Emotion Regulation, Psychological Resilience, and Psychological Flourishing. The results showed acceptable item fit for all 48 items, reliable measurement for both the Risk Factor and Protective Factor Indices, and properly functioning five-point response categories. Although lower reliability was found for Intolerance of Uncertainty and some residual dependence was identified, the full 48-item structure was retained. Overall, MIND-RISK demonstrates promising psychometric properties and may be useful for preliminary psychological assessment and profile mapping in university guidance and counseling services. Further validation with larger and more diverse samples and additional psychological measures is recommended before wider standardized use.
Authors
Parid Rilo Pambudi
Universitas Islam Balitar
Agustin Mega Purnamawati
Universitas Islam Balitar
Novia Damayanti
Universitas Islam Balitar
Hana Athia Akhzalini
Universitas Islam Balitar
Sri Retno Wulandari
Universitas Islam Balitar
Revi Aprilia Fitri
Universitas Islam Balitar
Nining Maizura
Universitas Negeri Malang
Arifah Wulandari
Universitas Sebelas Maret
Keywords
MIND-RISKMental health riskUniversity studentsPsychometric evaluationRasch modelPsychological assessment
References
Abulfaraj, G. G., Upsher, R., Zavos, H. M. S., & Dommett, E. J. (2024). The impact of resilience interventions on university students’ mental health and well-being: A systematic review. Education Sciences, 14(5), 510. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050510
Ahmed, I., Hazell, C. M., Edwards, B., Glazebrook, C., & Davies, E. B. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies exploring prevalence of non-specific anxiety in undergraduate university students. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04645-8
Akhzalini, H. A., Pambudi, P. R., & Risdiantoro, R. (2026). Makna Religiusitas sebagai Sistem Pembentukan Makna pada Mahasiswa yang Mengalami Quarter Life Crisis dalam Perspektif Psikologi. Al-Isyrof: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Islam, 8(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.51339/isyrof.v8i1.4817
Aruta, J. J. B. R., Mateo, N. J., Resurreccion, R. R., Galanza, M. A. M. C., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2024). Screening psychological symptoms in Filipino university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Translation and structural validation of the Filipino version of the DASS-21. Psychology in the Schools, 61(8), 3243–3262. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23214
Asradi, A., & Sarman, F. (2026). Psychometric Validation and Rasch Model Analysis of the Academic Resilience Scale for Indonesian University Students. G-Couns: Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 10(03), 2406–2419. https://doi.org/10.31316/g-couns.v10i03.8722
Astuti, F. D., Heriyanto, M. J., Desvita, W. R., Rokhmayanti, R., Hastuti, S. K. W., Utami, B. B. K., & Azka, A. (2024). Mental health screening for university students in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 9(3), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2024.09.03.08
Baik, C., Ryan, T., & Lynch-Wells, S. (2026). Assessing student mental health and wellbeing in higher education: A systematic review of measurement approaches. Educational Research Review, 100823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2026.100823
Bintang, R. S., & Suprananto, S. (2024). The impact of sample size, test length, and person-item targeting on the separation reliability in Rasch model: A simulation study. JP3I (Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi Dan Pendidikan Indonesia), 13(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.15408/jp3i.v13i1.27975
Biscaldi, V., Guerini, J., Ghelfi, M., & Velasco, V. (2026). Instruments used to measure well-being, ill-being, and health-related lifestyle behaviors in students attending Italian universities: a systematic review. Frontiers in Public Health, 14, 1787567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1787567
Cassiani-Miranda, C. A., Scoppetta, O., Barrios-Villadiego, M. A., Tirado-Otálvaro, A. F., & Duran-Bedoya, A. C. (2025). Construct validity of the PHQ-9 in university students in Colombia: A Rasch analysis approach. Medicina Clínica y Social, 9(1), e521. https://doi.org/10.52379/mcs.v9.521
Charbonnier, E., Montalescot, L., Puechlong, C., Goncalves, A., & Le Vigouroux, S. (2023). Relationship between Fear of COVID-19, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Coping Strategies on University Students’ Mental Health. In Nutrients (Vol. 15, Number 23, p. 4938). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234938
Chen, X., Huang, Z., & Lin, W. (2022). The effect of emotion regulation on happiness and resilience of university students: The chain mediating role of learning motivation and target positioning. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1029655
Chong, J., Mokshein, S. E., & Mustapha, R. (2022). Applying the Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM) to investigate the rating scales function in survey research instrument. Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 41(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i1.39130
Colledani, Daiana, González Pizzio, Adriana P, Devita, Maria, & Anselmi, Pasquale. (2025). Investigating the Functioning of Rating Scales With Rasch Models. Assessment, 32(3), 434–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911241245792
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Duraku, Z. H., Davis, H., Arënliu, A., Uka, F., & Behluli, V. (2024). Overcoming mental health challenges in higher education: a narrative review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1466060. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1466060
Fang, S., Barker, E., Arasaratnam, G., Lane, V., Rabinovich, D., Panaccio, A., O’Connor, R. M., Nguyen, C. T., & Doucerain, M. M. (2025). Resilience, Stress, and Mental Health Among University Students: A Test of the Resilience Portfolio Model. Stress and Health, 41(2), e3508. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3508
Gustin, V. Y., Nurwidawati, D., & Agustin, N. N. (2025). Adaptation and validation of the hyper-independence scale among Indonesian university students using the Rasch model. REID (Research and Evaluation in Education), 11(2), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.21831/reid.v11i2.90977
Huang, A., Liu, L., Wang, X., Chen, J., Liang, S., Peng, X., Li, J., Luo, C., Fan, F., & Zhao, J. (2023). Intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety among college students during the re-emergence of COVID-19: Mediation effects of cognitive emotion regulation and moderation effects of family function. Journal of Affective Disorders, 327, 378–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.110
Hughes, S. E., Haroon, S., Subramanian, A., McMullan, C., Aiyegbusi, O. L., Turner, G. M., Jackson, L., Davies, E. H., Frost, C., McNamara, G., Price, G., Matthews, K., Camaradou, J., Ormerod, J., Walker, A., & Calvert, M. J. (2022). Development and validation of the symptom burden questionnaire for long covid (SBQ-LC): Rasch analysis. BMJ, 377, e070230. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-070230
Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Kurniawan, N. A., Ralianti, D. D., Hanafi, H., Widyatmoko, W., & Pambudi, P. R. (2026). Pendidikan Kedamaian sebagai Fondasi Konseling Karier: Studi Literatur tentang Etika Konselor dan Pengambilan Keputusan Siswa. Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling Pandohop, 6(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.37304/pandohop.v6i1.23075
Leow, T., Li, W. W., Miller, D. J., & McDermott, B. (2025). Prevalence of university non-continuation and mental health conditions, and effect of mental health conditions on non-continuation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Mental Health, 34(2), 222–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2024.2332812
Liu, V. Y.-Y., & Lim, S. M. (2022). A psychometric evaluation of the brief resilience scale among tertiary students in Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 42(3), 464–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1845120
Lovibond, S. H. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. Sydney Psychology Foundation. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370294643851494273
Maizura, N., Pambudi, P. R., Bariyyah, K., Soejanto, L. T., Andrianie, S., & Indreswari, H. (2026). Academic Anxiety Among First-Year Students Living Away From Home During the Transition to Higher Education. TANJAK: Journal of Education and Teaching, 7(2), 190–201. https://doi.org/10.35961/tanjak.v7i2.3018
Mauladi, T. A., Hafina, A., Yudha, E. S., & Dynasti, R. H. (2026). Development and Psychometric Properties of a Flourishing Scale for University Students: A Rasch Model Analysis. Jurnal Pembelajaran, Bimbingan, Dan Pengelolaan Pendidikan, 6(12), 3. https://doi.org/10.17977/um065.v6.i12.2026.3
Mohamat, R., Sumintono, B., & Hamid, H. (2022). Analisis Kesahan Kandungan Instrumen Kompetensi Guru untuk Melaksanakan Pentaksiran Bilik Darjah Menggunakan Model Rasch Pelbagai Faset (Content Validity Analysis of an Instrument to Measure Teacher’s Competency for Classroom Assessment Using Many Facet R. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 47(01), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.17576/JPEN-2022-47.01-01
Mulyanti, S., Sukmawati, W., & Tarkin, N. E. H. (2022). Development of items in Acid-Base Identification Experiments Using Natural Materials: Validity Test with Rasch Model Analysis. Phenomenon: Jurnal Pendidikan MIPA, 12(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.21580/phen.2022.12.1.10703
Nadhirah, N. A., Ilfiandra Yudha, E. S., Saripah, I Pratiwi, T. I., & Ahman. (2026). Development and psychometric validation of a PERMA-based flourishing scale for university students. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 21(1), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v21i1.9566
Nawantara, R. D., Hanurawan, F., Ramli, M., Eva, N., & Amat, S. (2026). Adapting the Psychological Well-Being Scale For Indonesian College Students: A Rasch-Based Validation. International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture, 13(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.61838/ijbmc.v13i2.1310
Oktasari, M., Hambali, I., Ramli, M., Chusniyah, T., Julian Hikmy, B., Indah Kholili, M., Wahyudin, H., Ariyanto, R. D., Stevani, H., & Hi-yung, L. (2026). Assessing Student Resilience in Indonesia: Validating the Resilience at University Scale (RAUS) Using Rasch Analysis. Salud, Ciencia Y Tecnología, 6, 2566. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20262566
Pointon-Haas, J., Waqar, L., Upsher, R., Foster, J., Byrom, N., & Oates, J. (2024). A systematic review of peer support interventions for student mental health and well-being in higher education. BJPsych Open, 10(1), e12. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.603
Purnama, D. S., Farozin, M., & Astuti, B. (2022). The Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale for Indonesian Higher Education Students: A RASCH Model Analysis. Indonesian Research Journal in Education| IRJE|, 6(2), 222–231. https://doi.org/10.22437/irje.v6i2.20086
Quincho, F. S., Rodríguez Galán, D. B., Farfán Pimentel, J. F., Yolanda Josefina, H. F., Arenas, R. D., Crispín, R. L., & Navarro, E. R. (2021). Academic Stress in University Students: Systematic Review. Ilkogretim Online, 20(5), 3224. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.351
Ramos-Monsivais, C. L., Rodríguez-Cano, S., Lema-Moreira, E., & Delgado-Benito, V. (2024). Relationship between mental health and students’ academic performance through a literature review. Discover Psychology, 4(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-024-00240-4
Ratnaningsih, I. Z., Prihatsanti, U., Prasetyo, A. R., & Sumintono, B. (2025). Validation of the Indonesian version of the psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ) in higher education: a Rasch analysis. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 17(4), 1243–1258. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-10-2023-0480
Rozental, A., Forsström, D., & Johansson, M. (2023). A psychometric evaluation of the Swedish translation of the Perceived Stress Scale: a Rasch analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 690. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05162-4
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Sumintono, B., Law, M. Y., & Sitasari, N. W. (2025). Self-handicapping scale: evaluation of psychometric properties among Malaysian and Indonesian university students using Rasch rating scale model analysis. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 18(3), 906–920. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-08-2024-0429
Turner, M., & Holdsworth, S. (2024). Supporting a mentally healthy place of study: Examining the relationship between mental well-being, stress, and protective factors among university students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 65(5), 816–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.13027
Wahdi, A. E., Wilopo, S. A., & Erskine, H. E. (2023). The prevalence of adolescent mental disorders in Indonesia: An analysis of Indonesia–National Mental Health Survey (I-NAMHS). Journal of Adolescent Health, 72(3), S70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.11.143
White, A. E., & Karr, J. E. (2025). Psychometric properties of the GAD-7 among college students: Reliability, validity, factor structure, and measurement invariance. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 11(3), 321. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000382
Worsley, J., Dryburgh, A., McIntyre, J. C., & Corcoran, R. (2024). Academic and non-academic predictors of common mental health difficulties among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, Volume 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1441176
Wulandari, R. M., & Hidayat, R. (2023). Materialism as Personality: Psychometric Properties Using the Rasch Model. Indonesian Journal of Psychology/Jurnal Psikologi, 50(2), 157. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.77592
Yusuf, S., Budiman, N., Saripah, I., Afendy, P. M., Gofur, R., & Hamidah, N. H. (2025). Development and rasch validation of the student mental health scale among Indonesian university students. ProGCouns: Journal of Professionals in Guidance and Counseling, 6(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.21831/progcouns.v6i1.79287
Zhai, Y., & Carney, J. V. (2024). The role of mental health and protective factors in student academic persistence and retention during a global crisis. Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health, 11, e15. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2024.12
Citation generator
Cite this article
Parid Rilo Pambudi; Agustin Mega Purnamawati; Novia Damayanti; Hana Athia Akhzalini; Sri Retno Wulandari; Revi Aprilia Fitri; Nining Maizura; Arifah Wulandari (2026). Psychometric evaluation of MIND-RISK for assessing mental health risk among university students. Jurnal Riset Tindakan Indonesia, 11(2), 96-113. https://doi.org/10.29210/30036953000
Parid Rilo Pambudi; Agustin Mega Purnamawati; Novia Damayanti; Hana Athia Akhzalini; Sri Retno Wulandari; Revi Aprilia Fitri; Nining Maizura; Arifah Wulandari. "Psychometric evaluation of MIND-RISK for assessing mental health risk among university students." Jurnal Riset Tindakan Indonesia 11, no. 2 (2026): 96-113. https://doi.org/10.29210/30036953000
Parid Rilo Pambudi; Agustin Mega Purnamawati; Novia Damayanti; Hana Athia Akhzalini; Sri Retno Wulandari; Revi Aprilia Fitri; Nining Maizura; Arifah Wulandari (2026) 'Psychometric evaluation of MIND-RISK for assessing mental health risk among university students', Jurnal Riset Tindakan Indonesia, 11(2), pp. 96-113. https://doi.org/10.29210/30036953000
Parid Rilo Pambudi; Agustin Mega Purnamawati; Novia Damayanti; Hana Athia Akhzalini; Sri Retno Wulandari; Revi Aprilia Fitri; Nining Maizura; Arifah Wulandari. "Psychometric evaluation of MIND-RISK for assessing mental health risk among university students." Jurnal Riset Tindakan Indonesia, vol. 11, no. 2, 2026, pp. 96-113. https://doi.org/10.29210/30036953000