Teacher support, entrepreneurial learning, and self-regulated learning predict vocational students’ entrepreneurial intentions

Journal of Educational and Learning Studies June 30, 2026 Volume 9, Number 1 2 authors

Abstract

This study examines the effects of entrepreneurial learning, teacher support, and self-directed learning on the entrepreneurial intentions of vocational students and explores the mediating role of entrepreneurial learning and independent learning. Quantitative causal design was used by involving 303 Class XI students from nine public vocational schools in Pesisir Selatan Regency, Indonesia. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Entrepreneurship learning had the strongest direct effect on entrepreneurial intention (β = 0.497, p < 0.005), followed by teacher support (β = 0.211, p = 0.006). Entrepreneurial learning significantly mediated the relationship between teacher support and entrepreneurial intent (β = 0.339, p < 0.005). Improving teacher support, entrepreneurship education, and self-paced learning is essential to strengthen the entrepreneurial intentions of vocational students

Authors

  1. Eliza Eliza

    Universitas Negeri Padang

  2. Rino Rino

    Universitas Negeri Padang

Keywords

References

  1. Alka, T. A., & Suresh, M. (2026). Learning to Lead with Social Mission: The Role of Social Entrepreneurship Education. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 467 SIST, 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12983-3_2
  2. Alvarez-Sánchez, A., Pozo, M., Yanguisela, J., Villar-Labastida, A. S. del, & Casanovas-Cosío, E. (2026). Integrating Virtual Educational Environments and Social Networks in Learning Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation: A Personal Experience. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1532 LNNS, 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98890-5_11
  3. Ammirato, S., Felicetti, A. M., Bigliardi, B., & Kraus, S. (2026). Proactive resilience in the face of black swan events: The power of organisational learning and digital orientation in digital entrepreneurship. Technovation, 149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103431
  4. Amoozegar, A., Abdelmagid, M., & Anjum, T. (2024). Course satisfaction and perceived learning among distance learners in Malaysian research universities: The impact of motivation, self-efficacy, self-regulated learning, and instructor immediacy behaviour. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 39(4), 387–413.
  5. Aprilia, A., Kuswanto, H., & Brams Dwandaru, W. S. (2026). Descriptive analysis of student electronic worksheets based on stem-entrepreneurship integrated group investigation in physics learning. Revista Mexicana de Fisica E, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.31349/RevMexFisE.23.010206
  6. Asuyama, Y. (2026). Learning Entrepreneurship as an Employee. Journal of Human Capital, 20(2), 313–346. https://doi.org/10.1086/739418
  7. Bernadó, E., & Wrobel, M. (2026). Uncertainty by design: pedagogical approaches for learning to navigate uncertainty in entrepreneurship education. Education and Training, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-12-2024-0560
  8. Bernal-Guerrero, A., & Cárdenas-Gutiérrez, A. R. (2026). Social entrepreneurship and Service-Learning in higher education: A systematic review; [Emprendimiento social y aprendizaje servicio en la educación superior: una revisión sistemática]. Revista Espanola de Pedagogia, 84(293), 125–148. https://doi.org/10.9781/rep.2026.409
  9. Castro, V. I. L., Guitart, A. I. A., & Mata, L. M. (2025). Entrepreneurship Education to Develop Self-Efficacy for Self-Regulated Learning: comparative study between teaching techniques in mexican undergraduate students. Revista Perspectivas, 56, 101–128.
  10. Chandler, N. (2026). The entrepreneurial learner: entrepreneurial traits as predictors for enhancing self-regulated learning of entrepreneurship students. Entrepreneurship Education, 9(2), 235–258.
  11. Dahri, N. A., Yahaya, N., Al-Rahmi, W. M., Aldraiweesh, A., Alturki, U., Almutairy, S., Shutaleva, A., & Soomro, R. B. (2024). Extended TAM based acceptance of AI-Powered ChatGPT for supporting metacognitive self-regulated learning in education: A mixed-methods study. Heliyon, 10(8).
  12. Fawaid, M., Triyono, M. B., Sofyan, H., Nurtanto, M., Mutohhari, F., Jatmoko, D., Majid, N. W. A., & Rabiman, R. (2022). Entrepreneurial intentions of vocational education students in Indonesia: PLS-SEM approach. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 14(2), 91–105.
  13. Fayolle, A., & Linan, F. (2014). The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Research. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.024
  14. Febyanti, A. T., Saroh, S., & Hardati, R. N. (2022). THE EFFECT OF SELF-EFFICACY , FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS ( Study on Students of the Islamic University of Malang ). JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND BUSINESS (JHSSB), 1(3), 161–172.
  15. Hasan, M., Abrar, A. K., Tahir, T., Budiwati, N., & Sulistyowati, R. (2026). Unleashing dual literacies through digital growth mindset: A multitheoretical study of entrepreneurship learning in higher education for Generation Z. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102451
  16. Kenny, B., Venkatesh, M. H., & Guirk, H. M. (2026). Realigning the dots: the disconnect between student assessment practice and learning in entrepreneurship education. Studies in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2025.2601878
  17. Keshmiri, F. (2025). The effect of gamification in entrepreneurship and business education on pharmacy students ’ self-efficacy and learning outcomes. BMC Medical Education.
  18. Li, S., Bu, Y., Zhang, Z., & Huang, Y. (2024). Digital entrepreneurship intention and digital entrepreneurship behavior: the mediating role of managing learning and entrepreneurship education. Education+ Training, 66(2–3), 195–212.
  19. Liu, Y., & Ye, Y. (2025). Exploring how group cooperative learning affect college students’ online self-regulated learning—the important role of socially shared regulation, perceived task value, and teacher support. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 40(1), 11.
  20. Maheshwari, G., Kha, K. L., & Arokiasamy, A. R. A. (2023). Factors affecting students ’ entrepreneurial intentions : in theory and practice. In Management Review Quarterly (Vol. 73, Issue 4). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-022-00289-2
  21. Mejeh, M., & Held, T. (2022). Understanding the development of self-regulated learning: an intervention study to promote self-regulated learning in vocational schools. Vocations and Learning, 15(3), 531–568.
  22. Miao, J., & Ma, L. (2023). Teacher autonomy support influence on online learning engagement: The mediating roles of self-efficacy and self-regulated learning. Sage Open, 13(4), 21582440231217736.
  23. Michel, S., & Förster, M. (2025). Challenge-based learning for social entrepreneurship education in vocational schools—a promising learning environment to foster entrepreneurial intentions?! Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40461-025-00194-4
  24. Mirahmadi, S. M. M., Jahanbakht, M., & Rohban, M. H. (2025). Mitigating Entrepreneurship Policy Challenges in Developing Countries’ Startup Ecosystems Through Machine Learning Analysis. Economies, 13(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13100295
  25. Mohammed, A., Kumar, M. A., Kalaiarasi, G., & Sundaravadivazhagan, B. (2026). Leveraging Incremental Learning for Agile Entrepreneurship: A Practical Guide to Continuous Learning and Adaptation in Dynamic Markets. In Real-Time Artificial Intelligence (AI): Key Motivations, Technologies, Platforms, and Use Cases. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781998511358-5
  26. Nafeed, F. M., & Moulay, A. (2026). Problem-Based Learning as a Soft Skill to Promote Entrepreneurship Among Female Architecture Students in Bahrain During the New Technological Era. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 642, 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07220-7_21
  27. Oosterbeek, H., Ã, M. V. P., & Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills. European Economic Review, 54(3), 442–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.08.002
  28. Otache, I., Edopkolor, J. E., Sani, I. A., & Umar, K. (2024). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: Do entrepreneurial self-efficacy, alertness and opportunity recognition matter? The International Journal of Management Education, 22(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100917
  29. Parmar, S., Das, L., Joshi, D., Ganguly, P., Joshi, A., Pareek, A., & Vasavada, U. (2026). Integrating cinemeducation and entrepreneurship for experiential learning in public health. BMC Medical Education, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-09329-x
  30. Rosniawati, D., & Yunizar, Y. (2025). Enhancing entrepreneurial intentions among vocational high school students. JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia), 11(1).
  31. Saoula, O., Shamim, A., Ahmad, M. J., & Abid, M. F. (2023). Do entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial motivation, and family support enhance entrepreneurial intention? The mediating role of entrepreneurial education. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 17(1), 20–45.
  32. Zhang, W., Li, Y., Zeng, Q., Zhang, M., & Lu, X. (2022). Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention among College Students : A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12158).